Reflection: Education and Pedagogical Insights

Learning Smart Farming through IoT Prototypes, Educational Impacts of Smart Goat Housing Systems in Vocational Education

Achmad Tavip Junaedi — 2026-01-31

This study investigates the educational impacts of learning smart farming through Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart goat housing systems in vocational education. The rapid digital transformation of agriculture has created a growing demand for graduates with strong technological and applied competencies; however, the integration of real smart farming technologies into vocational curricula remains limited. To address this gap, this research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest non-equivalent control group to compare IoT prototype-based learning with conventional instructional approaches. The study involved vocational students enrolled in agriculture-related programs, where the experimental group engaged in project-based learning using an operational IoT-enabled smart goat housing system, while the control group received traditional instruction. The findings indicate that students exposed to IoT prototype-based learning demonstrated significantly higher improvements in digital competence, applied learning outcomes, and learning engagement compared to those in the control group. Qualitative insights further revealed that authentic interaction with real-time data and automated systems enhanced students’ understanding, motivation, and confidence in using digital technologies. These results highlight the pedagogical value of integrating real IoT prototypes into vocational education and confirm the effectiveness of experiential and technology-enhanced learning approaches in developing workforce-relevant competencies. This study contributes to vocational education literature by positioning livestock-based smart farming systems as effective learning media for digital agriculture education.

Developing Social Accounting Competencies through IoT-Based Goat Farming Learning Systems

Suhardjo Suhardjo — 2026-01-31

The digital transformation of agriculture has created new opportunities and challenges for accounting education, particularly in developing social accounting competencies related to sustainability and social responsibility. This study aims to examine the effect of an IoT-based goat farming learning system on the development of social accounting competencies in vocational and applied accounting education. Using a quantitative explanatory research design, this study integrates a technology-enhanced learning approach supported by real-time data generated from IoT-enabled goat farming systems. Data were collected from students participating in IoT-based learning activities and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that the IoT-based goat farming learning system has a positive and significant effect on social accounting competencies, including the ability to identify, measure, interpret, and report social and environmental impacts. The findings demonstrate that real-time livestock data provide an effective experiential learning environment that bridges the gap between abstract social accounting concepts and practical applications. This study contributes to accounting education literature by repositioning IoT-based livestock systems as pedagogical platforms rather than purely operational tools. The study also offers practical implications for educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers seeking to strengthen sustainability-oriented accounting education in digitally transformed agribusiness contexts.

Educational Strategies for Fortified Goat Milk Development Supported by Digital Financial Ecosystems

Marice Br Hutahuruk — 2026-01-31

The development of fortified goat milk offers a promising approach to addressing nutritional deficiencies while creating value-added opportunities in the dairy sector, particularly in rural and peri-urban communities. Despite its potential, many fortified goats milk initiatives remain small-scale due to limited entrepreneurial capacity, weak market integration, and low adoption of digital financial systems. This study aims to examine educational strategies that integrate fortified goat milk development with digital financial ecosystems to enhance enterprise sustainability and scalability. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative interviews and focus group discussions with quantitative survey analysis involving educators, students, dairy producers, and digital finance practitioners. The findings reveal that conventional education emphasizes technical production skills while neglecting financial literacy and digital finance competencies. Integrated educational strategies significantly improve digital banking adoption, financial management practices, and access to microfinancing, which in turn mediate improvements in business performance. The study contributes a novel interdisciplinary framework that links nutrition innovation education with digital finance literacy, offering practical insights for educators, policymakers, and development agencies seeking to strengthen fortified dairy value chains and promote inclusive, digitally enabled agro-entrepreneurship.